The general curls in the hair are determined by its cross sectional shape. If hair is circular in shape then it forms straight hair. If it is flattened and elliptical then it is curly or kinky. The more circular the shaft is , the straighter it is. If the shaft is more elliptical, the hair is curlier or kinkier.
Skin wrinkles
Skin wrinkles in old age
In old age, the elastic fibers of the skin undergo senile generation for which the elasticity of the skin is lost, and with the wasting of the muscles, the skin cannot adapt itself to the reducing girth, and as a result, the skin becomes wrinkled, a feature of the old man’s skin.
In old age, the elastic fibers of the skin undergo senile generation for which the elasticity of the skin is lost, and with the wasting of the muscles, the skin cannot adapt itself to the reducing girth, and as a result, the skin becomes wrinkled, a feature of the old man’s skin.
Lesion
A lesion is any abnormal tissue found on or in an organism, usually damaged by disease or trauma.
Lesions can occur in any area of the body consisting of soft tissue, but are most commonly found on the skin or in the mouth. There are many different circumstances that can induce the formation of lesions.
Lesions can occur in any area of the body consisting of soft tissue, but are most commonly found on the skin or in the mouth. There are many different circumstances that can induce the formation of lesions.
Short Term Memory
Short-Term Memory(STM)
STM is characterized by:
STM is characterized by:
- Capability such that only seven pieces of independent information can be stored
- A brief duration of these items last from 3 to 20 seconds.
How and where Brain stores information
WHERE THE INFORMATION IS STORED IN THE BRAIN
Like hard disc in computers, we have brain to store the information. Mind and memory are stored in it as software. Scientists have done many experiments in finding where exactly this software is stored in brain.
Some of the results are given below :
- Karl Lashley, a behavioral psychologist made different experiments to know about the part of the brain where the memory is stored. In the 1920s, trained rats to find their way through a maze, then made lesions in different parts of the cerebral cortex in an attempt to erase what he called the "engram," or the original memory trace. Lashley failed to find the engram even after placing lesions every possible places in the brain, however the experimental animals are able to solve the maze. He therefore concluded that memories are not stored in any single area of the brain, but are distributed throughout the brain.
- Brenda Milner—proposed that a part of the brain called the hippocampus as being prominent in memory formation. More recently, it was established that the frontal cortex is also involved; current thinking holds that new memories are encoded in the hippocampus and then eventually transferred to the frontal lobes for long-term storage.
Actually the location of a recollection in the brain varies based on how old that recollection is.
Smith and Squire assessed the brain activity associated with the recollection of old and new memories. They functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to scan 15 patients' brains while they answered 160 questions about news events that took place at different periods of time during the past 30 years. The experiment is quite simple but for it to produce any conclusion is pretty hard tasks, like creating the non visible relation among the memories of different timelines etc.,
Few inferences made:
First, when one is asked to recall any given memory, the brain encodes not only the questions that were asked to cue the retrieval, but also the resulting recollection, so the associated activity could therefore interfere with that which is being assessed. Second, more recent memories are likely to be richer and more vivid than older ones, so the strength of the fMRI(functional MRI) signal could be related not just to the time at which a recalled event occurred but also to the richness of the participants' recollection of it. |
Finally, recalled memories could be strongly associated with their personal life, which make them easier to be remembered.
Smith and Squire therefore designed their experiments so that they could assess the effects of the age of a memory independently of both the encoding of the test questions and richness of the recollection of the memory. At the beginning of the task, the researchers gave a set of questions and asked the patients whether or not they knew the answer. And about few minutes later the patients were asked three questions about each news event.
- First, they were asked to recall the question that had been asked about the event (to know how well they had encoded the information).
- Then, they were asked the answer to that question (to know the accuracy of recall) and,
- finally, how much they knew about each of the events (to know the richness of each memory).
In cognitive psychology, there is one memory system, but it is normally divided into three functions for storage (Anderson, 2000): sensory, short-term often called working), and long- term (often called permanent).
Sensory Memory: The sensory memory retains an exact copy of what is seen or heard
(visual and auditory). It only lasts for a few seconds, while some theorize it last only 300
milliseconds. It has unlimited capacity. It is like when you move on the road you see many things may be humans, animals, objects or even the feel you get, they are momentary and they reach the next level(STM) if it catches your interest like a beautiful girl.
Short-Term Memory (STM) - Selectively few information enters into this stage. STM is most often stored as sounds, especially in recalling words, but may be stored as images. It works basically the same as a computer's RAM (Random Access Memory) in that it provides a working space for short computations and then transfers it to other parts of the memory system or discards it. It is thought to be about seven bits in length, that is, we normally remember seven items. STM is vulnerable to interruption or interference.Read more..
Long-Term Memory - This is something like a permanent storage. Information is stored on the basis of meaning and importance. There is more to this. Read more..
Tags: Short Term Memory, Log term memory, How brain store the information, brain, memory, chunking, improve memory, improve memory power, Experiments on rats, lesion
Long Term Memory
Check some related posts:
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
The knowledge we store in LTM affects our perceptions of the world, and influences what information in the environment we attend to. LTM gives the framework and we develop with more knowledge. It takes the priority over the STM and other memories, that is where people make their decisions. The limit of LTM is not known.
Since LTM storage is organized into schemas, instructional designers activate existing schemas and present it in a structured and interesting manner. This can be done in a many ways, including graphic organizers, movies, etc.
LTM also has a strong influence on perception through top-down processing - our prior knowledge affects how we perceive sensory information. We interpret an experience by the expectations and satisfaction attained. We develop bias from this. Also, most optical illusions take advantage of this fact.
An important factor for retention of learned information in LTM is rehearsal that provides transfer of learning.
Tags:Brain, Long term memory, short term memory, how brain store information,
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
The knowledge we store in LTM affects our perceptions of the world, and influences what information in the environment we attend to. LTM gives the framework and we develop with more knowledge. It takes the priority over the STM and other memories, that is where people make their decisions. The limit of LTM is not known.
Schemas are mental models of the world. Information in LTM is stored in interrelated networks of these schemas. These, in turn, form intricate knowledge structures. Related schemas are linked together and loading one schema retrieves all the related schemas. This is how we recall relevant knowledge when similar information is presented. These schemas guide us by diverting our attention to relevant information and allow us to ignore the rest. |
LTM also has a strong influence on perception through top-down processing - our prior knowledge affects how we perceive sensory information. We interpret an experience by the expectations and satisfaction attained. We develop bias from this. Also, most optical illusions take advantage of this fact.
An important factor for retention of learned information in LTM is rehearsal that provides transfer of learning.
Tags:Brain, Long term memory, short term memory, how brain store information,
Hair and its life-cycle
Hair Stucture
Hair is composed of strong structural protein called keratin. This is the same kind of protein that makes up the nails and the outer layer of skin.
Each follicle of hair consists of 3 layers:
2. The middle layer known as the cortex. The cortex provides strength and both the color and the texture of hair.
3. The outermost layer is known as the cuticle. The cuticle is thin and colorless and is also meant for protection of cortex.
Structure of the hair root
Hair root is enclosed within hair follicle, under the skin. At the base of the hair follicle is the dermal papilla. The dermal papilla is feed by the bloodstream which carries nourishment to produce new hair.Hair Growth Cycle
Hair on the scalp grows about .3-.4 mm/day or about 6 inches per year. Unlike other mammals, hair growth and loss is random and not seasonal or cyclic. At any given time, a random number of hairs will be in various stages of growth and shedding. There are three stages of hair growth:
catagen, telogen, and anagen.
Anagen - Growth Phase
Anagen is the active phase of the hair. The cells in the root of the hair are dividing rapidly. A new hair is formed and pushes the club hair up the follicle and eventually out. During this phase the hair grows about 1 cm every 28 days. Scalp hair stays in this active phase of growth for 2-6 years. Some people have difficulty growing their hair beyond a certain length because they have a short active phase of growth. On the other hand, people with very long hair have a long active phase of growth. The hair on the arms, legs, eyelashes, and eyebrows have a very short active growth phase of about 30-45 days explaining why they are so much shorter than scalp hair.
catagen phase - Transition phase
At the end of the anagen hair is a catagen phase lasts about a week or two during the catagen phase the hair follicle shrinks to about 1 / 6 of normal length. The lower part is destroyed and the dermal papilla breaks, leaving the root.
Telogen Phase - Resting phase
The resting phase follows the catagen phase and normally lasts about 5-6 weeks.Meanwhile, the hair does not grow but remains attached to the follicle while the dermal papilla remains in a resting phase below. Approximately 10-15 percent of all hairs are in this phase at once.
At the end of the telogen phase, hair follicles in the anagen phase again. The dermal papilla and base of the follicle to meet and a new hair begins to form. If the old hair has not yet fallen the new hair pushes the old one on the growth and the cycle begins again.
Tags: Hair images, hair, hair life cycle, hair stages, hair follicles, hair fall,Anagen Phase, Catagen Phase, Telogen Phase.
Hiccups' Mechanism
Why Hiccups..?
Hiccups will be caused by two nerves, Phrenic nerve (a nerve in the diaphragm) and the vagus is the tenth cranial nerve, which is also known as pneumogastric nerve. when there is no obstruction of the airways tract, as these nerves are stimulated, and they take response to spinal cord. Eventually the spinal message to the brain through the chest cavity (thoracic cavity) and neck.
Irritation of any of these nerves can cause the diaphragm ( a thick sheet like structure present underneath the lungs which used to cause vaccum in the lungs at the time of respiration ) to undergo involuntary contraction and it causes the pulling of air into the lungs. The pulling causes the throat muscles to show some reflex.so,the trachea is closed with a sound “ HIC “. Since it is a disturbance in the respiratory tract, it can be cured by few simple techniques:
1) Drinking water stops hiccups, this is due to the location of the digestive tract just adjacent in the airways. If we take a little water into the digestive tract before it reaches the stomach into the esophagus it shows some rhythmic contractions called PERISTALTIC CHANGES .. Because of these movements can be adjacently positioned windpipe (trachea) gets moved so that it can open and hiccups are controlled.
2) Sometimes our elders suggest us to stop breathing for few seconds .. during the time the respiratory tract may have adjusted themselves so we can get rid of hiccups.
Tags: Hiccups, why hiccups, how to control hiccups, measures for hiccups, water for controlling hiccups,
Hiccups will be caused by two nerves, Phrenic nerve (a nerve in the diaphragm) and the vagus is the tenth cranial nerve, which is also known as pneumogastric nerve. when there is no obstruction of the airways tract, as these nerves are stimulated, and they take response to spinal cord. Eventually the spinal message to the brain through the chest cavity (thoracic cavity) and neck.
Irritation of any of these nerves can cause the diaphragm ( a thick sheet like structure present underneath the lungs which used to cause vaccum in the lungs at the time of respiration ) to undergo involuntary contraction and it causes the pulling of air into the lungs. The pulling causes the throat muscles to show some reflex.so,the trachea is closed with a sound “ HIC “. Since it is a disturbance in the respiratory tract, it can be cured by few simple techniques:
1) Drinking water stops hiccups, this is due to the location of the digestive tract just adjacent in the airways. If we take a little water into the digestive tract before it reaches the stomach into the esophagus it shows some rhythmic contractions called PERISTALTIC CHANGES .. Because of these movements can be adjacently positioned windpipe (trachea) gets moved so that it can open and hiccups are controlled.
2) Sometimes our elders suggest us to stop breathing for few seconds .. during the time the respiratory tract may have adjusted themselves so we can get rid of hiccups.
Tags: Hiccups, why hiccups, how to control hiccups, measures for hiccups, water for controlling hiccups,
Body Odour, Lets know about
Body Odour
Our skin is included in the integumentary system of our major metabolic reactions.The integumentary The system includes the skin and its derivatives such as hair, nails, horns, etc. It also includes the sweat glands that is present inside the skin. The sweat glands present in our body is called as apocrine glands and eccrine glands.
The apocrine sweat glands are stimulated by the secretion of hormones from the adrenal glands of kidney. The name of the hormone adrenaline. Sweat is generally released to control the body surface temperature. When the outdoor temperature rises, so the body is stimulated to release sweat so the skin is protected from high temperatures.
The smell of sweat due to bacterial action.
East Asian peoples have fewer apocrine glands when compared with European or African people. That is why people are less susceptible to BODY ODOR.
Eccrine glands are also called as merocrine glands. Their secretions are useful for thermoregulation.Thermoregulation done by inclusion of NaCl in the channels. It is controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain.
Tags: Body odour,Control body odour, perfume, asian body odor, African body odour, Apocrine glands, Eccrine glands, bad body odor
Our skin is included in the integumentary system of our major metabolic reactions.The integumentary The system includes the skin and its derivatives such as hair, nails, horns, etc. It also includes the sweat glands that is present inside the skin. The sweat glands present in our body is called as apocrine glands and eccrine glands.
- Apocrine glands are composed of a coiled secretory portion
- Eccrine glands produce a clear, odorless substance consisting of water and salt (sodium chloride).
The apocrine sweat glands are stimulated by the secretion of hormones from the adrenal glands of kidney. The name of the hormone adrenaline. Sweat is generally released to control the body surface temperature. When the outdoor temperature rises, so the body is stimulated to release sweat so the skin is protected from high temperatures.
The smell of sweat due to bacterial action.
East Asian peoples have fewer apocrine glands when compared with European or African people. That is why people are less susceptible to BODY ODOR.
Eccrine glands are also called as merocrine glands. Their secretions are useful for thermoregulation.Thermoregulation done by inclusion of NaCl in the channels. It is controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain.
Tags: Body odour,Control body odour, perfume, asian body odor, African body odour, Apocrine glands, Eccrine glands, bad body odor
Unconsciousness, Coma
UNCONSCIOUSNESS
Slipping into the dark world of oblivion is like hell. By a variety of reasons, unconsciousness ranges in severity from a normal faint to a permanent coma.
Normal consciousness may be defined as the state in which a person is awake, alert and aware of his surrounding environment. Unconsciousness is a sleep-like state, but much deeper, with the person having no awareness of his surroundings and showing no response to any stimuli. This condition can vary in severity, ranging from a transient faint to a prolonged coma. Whatever its immediate cause, the condition only arises because of important changes in the brain.
MECHANISM IN THE BRAIN
How the brain functions in consciousness and unconsciousness is not completely known. However, there are a number of vital areas in the brains that are deeply involved in maintaining consciousness. These are the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, (we have seen about this in other posts.)
The cerebral cortex receives sensory inputs from the main sensory nerves and also from the reticular formation. Nerve routes from around the body branch out to the reticular formation and
feed it a constant stream of electrical signals. This action, in turn, causes the reticular formation to fire off signals to targets all around the brain, to the appropriate centres where the signals are gathered. collated and acted upon. If this driving force slows down. or is prevented from occurring. the cerebral cortex becomes sleepy'. and we become unconscious.
The brain-stem is also important in that,for being responsible in keeping our essential body tasks - such as heartbeat, blood pressure and breathing. Brain stem concentrates complete energy into maintaining brain stem in case of any unconsciousness, So the effected parts are from non-essential section.
LEVELS OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS
The brain's activity can be measured as electrical impulses on a machine called an electroencephalograph, or more simply an EEG. The impulses of the brain are presented as a pattern of electrical waves. This pattern varies according to the degree of alertness or unconsciousness, which provides the alertness of the brain. For example, the speed of the wave generation is very slow during unconscious state, around 3 per sec. It comes around six when you just woke up and feeling drowsy.
The machine is used to determine whether the brain has been severely damaged or even 'died'. If the EEG shows no electrical activity, then the person has almost certainly suffered brain death.
CAUSES
Symptoms of fainting include dizziness, light-headedness and a lack of colour in the face. Someone who has fainted should remain lying down for a few minutes until a full recovery has been made., Never try to make a person who has fainted to get up too soon, or even pulling him to his feet, it can result in a more serious state.
Poisoning by fumes, chemicals or drugs can also cause unconsciousness, though by different means. Stimulants will be given to treat this form of poisoning.
Carbon monoxide poisoning,it happens by replacing the oxygen in the blood which leads to an oxygen deficiency in the brain. Immediate treatment will be taking him away from the polluted area and to provide oxygen source.
Shock can bring on unconsciousness through a collapse of the circulatory system. Once the circulatory system fails to maintain an adequate supply of blood to the brain, then the collection of symptoms known as shock syndrome becomes apparent. This will include sweating, blurring of vision, shallow, rapid breathing and faintness that can drift into unconsciousness.
Treatment for this will be replacing lost fluids and raising blood pressure, but it is important to try to stop heavy bleeding as soon as possible. If the patient becomes unconscious, turn him on his side and make sure that he can breathe properly. If breathing stops then artificial respiration should be given.
Head injuries are a common cause of unconsciousness and they occur in many sports like rugby and boxing. Unconsciousness may be brought on either through direct injury to brain tissue or through a temporary contraction of blood vessels, which impairs brain function. This condition is known as concussion. and varies considerably in the degree of severity. A return to consciousness may be accompanied by a severe headache, nausea and difficulty in focusing the eyes.
Loss of memory of what happened immediately prior to the injury also occurs, and is one of the main symptoms of concussion. Any one who has been knocked out should see the doctor as soon as possible as there could be a chance of skull damage or internal bleeding.
COMA
A coma is the most extreme form of unconsciousness, a state that is very serious and often long-
lasting. Unlike in sleep, the activity of the brain as a whole is depressed, and even reflex actions like coughing, corneal reflexes and tendon reflexes - are absent. In the very deepest comas, the person may not respond even to the most painful actions.
The usual causes of coma are discussed above, it start with same reasons and will reach an extreme stage. Diabetes may lead to a coma, but thankfully can be controlled. Previously, any kind of coma that lasted for more than 24 hours usually resulted in permanent brain damage, but modern treatment and nursing has done much to change this. However, the longer a coma lasts, the less likelihood there is that a perfect recovery can be made.
In all cases of unconsciousness, treatment depends on the underlying cause, and may range from simple rest and recuperation to surgery. A comatose patient will require long-term care.
Tags: Coma, Why Coma, Unconsciousness, Why people get unconsciousness, Coma Treatment, Causes of Coma, Mental stability, Brain functionality, Brain, Brain Injury, Sport injuries brain unconsciousness,
Slipping into the dark world of oblivion is like hell. By a variety of reasons, unconsciousness ranges in severity from a normal faint to a permanent coma.
Normal consciousness may be defined as the state in which a person is awake, alert and aware of his surrounding environment. Unconsciousness is a sleep-like state, but much deeper, with the person having no awareness of his surroundings and showing no response to any stimuli. This condition can vary in severity, ranging from a transient faint to a prolonged coma. Whatever its immediate cause, the condition only arises because of important changes in the brain.
MECHANISM IN THE BRAIN
How the brain functions in consciousness and unconsciousness is not completely known. However, there are a number of vital areas in the brains that are deeply involved in maintaining consciousness. These are the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, (we have seen about this in other posts.)
The cerebral cortex receives sensory inputs from the main sensory nerves and also from the reticular formation. Nerve routes from around the body branch out to the reticular formation and
feed it a constant stream of electrical signals. This action, in turn, causes the reticular formation to fire off signals to targets all around the brain, to the appropriate centres where the signals are gathered. collated and acted upon. If this driving force slows down. or is prevented from occurring. the cerebral cortex becomes sleepy'. and we become unconscious.
The brain-stem is also important in that,for being responsible in keeping our essential body tasks - such as heartbeat, blood pressure and breathing. Brain stem concentrates complete energy into maintaining brain stem in case of any unconsciousness, So the effected parts are from non-essential section.
LEVELS OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS
The brain's activity can be measured as electrical impulses on a machine called an electroencephalograph, or more simply an EEG. The impulses of the brain are presented as a pattern of electrical waves. This pattern varies according to the degree of alertness or unconsciousness, which provides the alertness of the brain. For example, the speed of the wave generation is very slow during unconscious state, around 3 per sec. It comes around six when you just woke up and feeling drowsy.
The machine is used to determine whether the brain has been severely damaged or even 'died'. If the EEG shows no electrical activity, then the person has almost certainly suffered brain death.
CAUSES
The most common reason for unconsciousness that we are likely to come across is syncope, known as fainting. Fainting can be seen from anything like excessive heat to standing still for long periods, conditions which result in a temporary lack of blood supply to the brain. The resultant lack oxygen forces the brain to 'shut down' for a brief spell until the oxygen supply is restored to normal levels. If, for some reason, the blood supply to the brain regained the person may enter a deeper state of unconsciousness. |
Symptoms of fainting include dizziness, light-headedness and a lack of colour in the face. Someone who has fainted should remain lying down for a few minutes until a full recovery has been made., Never try to make a person who has fainted to get up too soon, or even pulling him to his feet, it can result in a more serious state.
Poisoning by fumes, chemicals or drugs can also cause unconsciousness, though by different means. Stimulants will be given to treat this form of poisoning.
Carbon monoxide poisoning,it happens by replacing the oxygen in the blood which leads to an oxygen deficiency in the brain. Immediate treatment will be taking him away from the polluted area and to provide oxygen source.
Shock can bring on unconsciousness through a collapse of the circulatory system. Once the circulatory system fails to maintain an adequate supply of blood to the brain, then the collection of symptoms known as shock syndrome becomes apparent. This will include sweating, blurring of vision, shallow, rapid breathing and faintness that can drift into unconsciousness.
| Shock like this can be brought on by extensive internal or external bleeding, heart attacks and loss of body fluid due to various illnesses. In cholera, for example, the body becomes so dehydrated that the sufferer actually dies of shock rather than the virus. |
Head injuries are a common cause of unconsciousness and they occur in many sports like rugby and boxing. Unconsciousness may be brought on either through direct injury to brain tissue or through a temporary contraction of blood vessels, which impairs brain function. This condition is known as concussion. and varies considerably in the degree of severity. A return to consciousness may be accompanied by a severe headache, nausea and difficulty in focusing the eyes.
Loss of memory of what happened immediately prior to the injury also occurs, and is one of the main symptoms of concussion. Any one who has been knocked out should see the doctor as soon as possible as there could be a chance of skull damage or internal bleeding.
COMA
A coma is the most extreme form of unconsciousness, a state that is very serious and often long-
lasting. Unlike in sleep, the activity of the brain as a whole is depressed, and even reflex actions like coughing, corneal reflexes and tendon reflexes - are absent. In the very deepest comas, the person may not respond even to the most painful actions.
The usual causes of coma are discussed above, it start with same reasons and will reach an extreme stage. Diabetes may lead to a coma, but thankfully can be controlled. Previously, any kind of coma that lasted for more than 24 hours usually resulted in permanent brain damage, but modern treatment and nursing has done much to change this. However, the longer a coma lasts, the less likelihood there is that a perfect recovery can be made.
In all cases of unconsciousness, treatment depends on the underlying cause, and may range from simple rest and recuperation to surgery. A comatose patient will require long-term care.
Tags: Coma, Why Coma, Unconsciousness, Why people get unconsciousness, Coma Treatment, Causes of Coma, Mental stability, Brain functionality, Brain, Brain Injury, Sport injuries brain unconsciousness,
Why Fever.? Foods to take and avoid during fever
A Reason for Fever
One Germs enter our body, they can sometimes inject certain chemicals into our blood. When your hypothalamus(a portion of brain that connects nervous system and glands) finds about this it will increase the body temperature.
Why does the hypothalamus tell your body to change to a new temperature..?
Researches say that heating up the body is a way of fighting the germs, eventually the body becomes less comfortable place for them. In a way, fever is also a good signal to you, your parents, and your doctor finds that you are sick. Without fever, it's much more difficult to tell if a person has an infection.
Shiver and then sweat
Once your hypothalamus sets a new temperature for your body, your body takes action and starts to heat up. When you get fever, you start shivering, because shivering warms the body and the energy used by shivering muscles is converted to heat.
If your body reaches the new temperature that's been set by the hypothalamus — say 102° F (38.9° C) — you won't feel cold anymore. According to your hypothalamus, your temperature is where it should be!
After the cause of the fever disappears, your hypothalamus will set your body temperature back to a normal temperature. To cool down your body one of the actions taken by hypothalamus is to sweat.
For Kids
If a kid has a higher fever and feels uncomfortable. Two medicines most oftenly prescribed are acetaminophen or ibuprofen(But please follow the doctor's suggestion, only he can tell whether it is just fever or not). The medicine blocks the chemicals that tell the hypothalamus to turn up the heat. Kids should never take aspirin to treat a fever because it can cause a serious illness. Remember this.
Food to take
If you have a fever, your are asked to drink more fluids than usual. Germs are least comfortable in well hydrated body. More liquid in the body results in increased urination which also help in removing the toxins from the body. which means there is more requirement of water in your body. You can have fluids like — juice, water, sports drinks, soup..etc for getting hydrated. Prefer cirous fruits.
Foods to avoid
Foods rich in animal protiens like meat and eggs should not be consumed. Avoid smoking, alcohol. Our digestion capability will be reduced so consumption of food rich in zinc, iron should be avoided. Take less sugar, it will reduce the body's immunity.
Take A Better Care :)
Tags: Why Fever, Food to take during Fever, Food to take, Food to avoid during fever, Food to avoid, Fever for Kids, Why do we shiver when we get fever, Shivering, Why do we shiver, Sweat Fever, Why do we sweat after fever, Sweating, Hospital, Best Ho.spital
One Germs enter our body, they can sometimes inject certain chemicals into our blood. When your hypothalamus(a portion of brain that connects nervous system and glands) finds about this it will increase the body temperature.
Why does the hypothalamus tell your body to change to a new temperature..?
Researches say that heating up the body is a way of fighting the germs, eventually the body becomes less comfortable place for them. In a way, fever is also a good signal to you, your parents, and your doctor finds that you are sick. Without fever, it's much more difficult to tell if a person has an infection.
Shiver and then sweat
Once your hypothalamus sets a new temperature for your body, your body takes action and starts to heat up. When you get fever, you start shivering, because shivering warms the body and the energy used by shivering muscles is converted to heat.
If your body reaches the new temperature that's been set by the hypothalamus — say 102° F (38.9° C) — you won't feel cold anymore. According to your hypothalamus, your temperature is where it should be!
After the cause of the fever disappears, your hypothalamus will set your body temperature back to a normal temperature. To cool down your body one of the actions taken by hypothalamus is to sweat.
For Kids
If a kid has a higher fever and feels uncomfortable. Two medicines most oftenly prescribed are acetaminophen or ibuprofen(But please follow the doctor's suggestion, only he can tell whether it is just fever or not). The medicine blocks the chemicals that tell the hypothalamus to turn up the heat. Kids should never take aspirin to treat a fever because it can cause a serious illness. Remember this.
Food to take
If you have a fever, your are asked to drink more fluids than usual. Germs are least comfortable in well hydrated body. More liquid in the body results in increased urination which also help in removing the toxins from the body. which means there is more requirement of water in your body. You can have fluids like — juice, water, sports drinks, soup..etc for getting hydrated. Prefer cirous fruits.
Foods to avoid
Foods rich in animal protiens like meat and eggs should not be consumed. Avoid smoking, alcohol. Our digestion capability will be reduced so consumption of food rich in zinc, iron should be avoided. Take less sugar, it will reduce the body's immunity.
Take A Better Care :)
Tags: Why Fever, Food to take during Fever, Food to take, Food to avoid during fever, Food to avoid, Fever for Kids, Why do we shiver when we get fever, Shivering, Why do we shiver, Sweat Fever, Why do we sweat after fever, Sweating, Hospital, Best Ho.spital
Skin Soaked..? What happens then..?
What happens when skin soaks
When our hands are soaked in water for a long time we will get some folds on our skin….
If we get wet for a long time or if we close our body parts by means of gloves, masks etc. we observe that particular part of our skin folded. There are few reasons for such behavior.
Skin is covered with thin layer of sebum which is a waxy coating present on the skin. It is generally used to keep our body moisture and is also protective in nature. If you spend a long time in water, the sebum layer on the skin washes away, epidermis start to soak up water.
As the outermost layer (epidermis) absorbs water, it grows in volume. But the layer of the skin present underneath the epidermis (dermis) doesn’t expand along with it. The epidermis is tightly attached with dermis.
So, even though outer layer is expanding, it forms folds because of stiff dermis and it wrinkles.
Tags: Drenched, body Soaked, Dermis expands, Skin elergy, Skin folded when wet, wrinkles skin soaked long time.
When our hands are soaked in water for a long time we will get some folds on our skin….
If we get wet for a long time or if we close our body parts by means of gloves, masks etc. we observe that particular part of our skin folded. There are few reasons for such behavior.
Skin is covered with thin layer of sebum which is a waxy coating present on the skin. It is generally used to keep our body moisture and is also protective in nature. If you spend a long time in water, the sebum layer on the skin washes away, epidermis start to soak up water.
As the outermost layer (epidermis) absorbs water, it grows in volume. But the layer of the skin present underneath the epidermis (dermis) doesn’t expand along with it. The epidermis is tightly attached with dermis.
So, even though outer layer is expanding, it forms folds because of stiff dermis and it wrinkles.
Tags: Drenched, body Soaked, Dermis expands, Skin elergy, Skin folded when wet, wrinkles skin soaked long time.
Things that commonly happen to you, you need to know
SNEEZING
It is a sudden relaxation of the diaphragm together with the intercoastal muscles that expand our lungs and abdominal muscles contraction. This results in a mass-compression effect of the lungs on a short onset and causes a violent expulsion of air in the form of the SNEEZE.
The sneeze is a result of a noxious or allergen that enters the upper respiratory tract and is detected by neural cells present there. This sends out signals to the thalamus and the thalamus sends out signals to the muscles mentioned above and produces the sneeze.
Why BALDNESS..? **
It is also called as ALOPECIA (Scientific name of BALDNESS). In androgenic alopecia, the testosterone is acted upon by enzymes 5a reductase converts it into Di hydro testosterone (DHT).
The scalp is very sensitive to this hormone, the presence of DHT cause the hair follicle to shrink. This will eventually results to the loss of hair and inability to grow new strands.
WHY DO WE GET SICK IN WINTER**
With the approach of autumn, slight chill in the air after the relentless heat of the summer. Cooler temperatures and shortening days also signal the start of the flu season.
Exposure usually occurs in one of the following ways:
(1) By oral inoculation.
(2) By inhaling droplets of our nasal vaccine.
While we have much control over the air we breathe, we can control a large extent, what we touch.
Decreased amount of any light produces less VITAMIN-D. New research is revealing that this vitamin is instrumental in maintaining a healthy immune system. Our flu season is November to march. Vitamin-D is able to kill the bacteria that causes TUBERCULOSIS. Increasing vitamin-D intake during the winter months is safe.
There are two forms of vitamin-D:
D2 –Ergocalciferol—Doesn’t appear in humans.(Salmon, Raw cow's milk, Sun light, Cod liver oil)
D3- Cholecalciferol—Made in the body.
BRUISES
Bruises occurs when blood vessels under the skin damaged, the blood capillaries leak blood under the skin giving purplish or red bruising results. The colors of the bruise will change as the swelling dies down and the bruise fades.
The amount of fat covering your body may be a contributing factor if you tend to bruise easily. If you do not have an adequate layer of fat, then bruises will sometimes appear with the slightest knock.
Muscle groups around the vital organs to create warmth by stimulating the muscles to release heat as they work.The primary motor centre for shivering is located in the Hypothalamus and is activated by cold signals from the skin and spinal cord.In the case of a reaction to the cold, drop in the body temperature will signal the HYPOTHALAMUS. It stimulates the muscles to form heat. Shivering is an Autonomic nervous response to generate heat.
Shivering is a response to HYPOTHERMIA.
- Hypothermia is a condition in which drops the body temperature to normal body temperature.
- Hyperthermia is an increase in body temperature than normal.
WHY DOES FEVER OCCURS **
When bacteria, virus or fungi invade our body. When our body gets infected, its natural response is to activate cells in the immune system. These cells are called White Blood Cells(W.B.C). When they are activated , they fight these bacteria in many ways, one of which is to raise the body temperature.
When the virus or bacteria enters the body system, they produce toxins that can directly set the body’s temperature up. Meanwhile, these toxins also trigger the W.B.C. to emit substances that can also increase the body temperature.
Fever that is persistent for a longer period of time is not good. There is a tendency for a disorder in the brain, when the temperature continues to be high.
MECHANISM OF HICCUPING
Phrenic nerves of diaphragm and vagus nerve take sensation to spinal cord. This will pass through thoracic cavity and neck. Irritation of any of the nerves involved in this loop can cause the diaphragm to undergo involuntary contraction or spasm, pulling air into the lungs. This triggers a reflex in the throat muscles. So, the trachea is closed off to give “ HIC “ sound. How the drinking of water cures the respiratory defect is explained as :
GAS FORMATION
Reduced digestion or absorption by the small intestine allows increased amounts of sugars and carbohydrates to reach the colon where greateramounts of gas formation takes place.
** Soon you will see some suggestions to cure the specified
(Know the intention for starting this site)
How do leaves change colours
How the colors of leaves will change in autumn.
The factors that influence the leaf colors in the autumn season are :length of night, weather. The Increasing length of night will effect on the leaf color change. The other environmental parameters like temperature, rainfall, food supply will gradually change as the length of night increases during autumn. As night time increases, the day time grow shorter and conditions will become cooler. It effects on the biochemical processes of the leaf and thus it effects on the leaves to change their color.
Where do autumn colors come from?
There are three types of color pigments that are involved in autumn color.
Throughout the growing season, the leaves contain chlorophyll and carotenoids in the chloroplast and anthocyanin are produced in the autumn season in response to bright light and more amount of sugars within the leaves
During normal growth of the leaf,chlorophyll is continuously produces and utilized for photosynthesis and hence leaves appear green in color. But in the autumn season, as the night length increases,chlorophyll production will be gradually decreased and finally the production is stopped. But the carotenoids and anthocyanins are kept unchanged. So that leaves show other than green color.
Certain colors are characteristic of particular species. Oaks turn red, brown, or russet; hickories, golden bronze; aspen and yellow-poplar, golden yellow; dogwood, purplish red; beech, light tan; and sourwood and black tupelo, crimson. Maples differ species by species-red maple turns brilliant scarlet; sugar maple, orange-red; and black maple, glowing yellow. Striped maple becomes almost colorless. Leaves of some species such as the elms simply shrivel up and fall, exhibiting little color other than drab brown.
The timing of the color change also varies by species. Oaks put on their colors long after other species have already shed their leaves.The differences in these timings is because of genetic inheritance ,weather conditions like temperature and moisture and the latitude at which the plant species is growing.
How does weather affect autumn color? The environment condition like warm, sunny and cool day and not freezing nights gives bright colors to the plants. In such a conditions, lots of sugars are produced in the leaf. But because of cool nights and gradual closing of veins causes obstruction to the sugar flow of the leaves. These conditions make some favour for the production of anthocyanin pigments which gives red, purple and crimson colors. These clogged veins trap sugars in the leaf and promote production of anthocyanins. Once this separation layer is complete and the connecting tissues are sealed off, the leaf is ready to fall.
The autumn colors are also influenced by the moisture in the soil. The moisture content in the soil will change according to the change in the climatic conditions.The warm period is also effect on the autumn colors. A warm wet spring and favourable summer weather and the warm sunny days with cool days will effect on the change in the color of the plant leaves.
What does all this do for the tree?
Perennial plants, including trees, must have some sort of protection to survive freezing temperatures and other harsh wintertime influences. Stems, twigs, and buds are equipped to survive extreme cold so that they can reawaken when spring heralds the start of another growing season. Tender leaf tissues, however, would freeze in winter, so plants must either toughen up and protect their leaves or dispose of them.
The evergreens-pines, spruces, cedars, firs, and so on-are able to survive winter because they have toughened up. Their needle-like or scale-like foliage is covered with a heavy wax coating and the fluid inside their cells contains substances that resist freezing. Thus the foliage of evergreens can safely withstand all but the severest winter conditions, such as those in the Arctic. Evergreen needles survive for some years but eventually fall because of old age.
The leaves of broadleaved plants, on the other hand, are tender and vulnerable to damage. These leaves are typically broad and thin and are not protected by any thick coverings. The fluid in cells of these leaves is usually a thin, watery sap that freezes readily. This means that the cells could not survive winter where temperatures fall below freezing. Tissues unable to overwinter must be sealed off and shed to ensure the plant's continued survival. Thus leaf fall precedes each winter in the temperate zones.
Use of the fallen leaves
The fallen leaves are not wasted at all. They are degraded in the soil by the decomposers and restock the soil with nutrients and forms spongy humus layer of the floor in the forest. This soil has a great hygroscopic capacity and holds rain water. In the forest ecosystem the fallen leaves are used as a food for some micro organisms which are a part of it.
Tags:Fallen leaves, colour changes, leaves changes colour,Perennial plants, Perennial, Carotenoids, chlorophyll, Anthocyanins, colors pigments in autumn, leaves change color in autumn, plants change color in autumn.
The factors that influence the leaf colors in the autumn season are :length of night, weather. The Increasing length of night will effect on the leaf color change. The other environmental parameters like temperature, rainfall, food supply will gradually change as the length of night increases during autumn. As night time increases, the day time grow shorter and conditions will become cooler. It effects on the biochemical processes of the leaf and thus it effects on the leaves to change their color.
Where do autumn colors come from?
There are three types of color pigments that are involved in autumn color.
- Chlorophyll: gives green color to the leaves. It is useful for photosynthesis.Trees that are grown in the temperate zones store sugars for the dormant period in the winter.
- Carotenoids: helps in getting yellow, orange, and brown colors to the leaves in such things as corn, carrots etc.
- Anthocyanins: These are the water soluble pigments and appear in the watery liquid of leaf cells.
Throughout the growing season, the leaves contain chlorophyll and carotenoids in the chloroplast and anthocyanin are produced in the autumn season in response to bright light and more amount of sugars within the leaves
During normal growth of the leaf,chlorophyll is continuously produces and utilized for photosynthesis and hence leaves appear green in color. But in the autumn season, as the night length increases,chlorophyll production will be gradually decreased and finally the production is stopped. But the carotenoids and anthocyanins are kept unchanged. So that leaves show other than green color.
Certain colors are characteristic of particular species. Oaks turn red, brown, or russet; hickories, golden bronze; aspen and yellow-poplar, golden yellow; dogwood, purplish red; beech, light tan; and sourwood and black tupelo, crimson. Maples differ species by species-red maple turns brilliant scarlet; sugar maple, orange-red; and black maple, glowing yellow. Striped maple becomes almost colorless. Leaves of some species such as the elms simply shrivel up and fall, exhibiting little color other than drab brown.
The timing of the color change also varies by species. Oaks put on their colors long after other species have already shed their leaves.The differences in these timings is because of genetic inheritance ,weather conditions like temperature and moisture and the latitude at which the plant species is growing.
How does weather affect autumn color? The environment condition like warm, sunny and cool day and not freezing nights gives bright colors to the plants. In such a conditions, lots of sugars are produced in the leaf. But because of cool nights and gradual closing of veins causes obstruction to the sugar flow of the leaves. These conditions make some favour for the production of anthocyanin pigments which gives red, purple and crimson colors. These clogged veins trap sugars in the leaf and promote production of anthocyanins. Once this separation layer is complete and the connecting tissues are sealed off, the leaf is ready to fall.
The autumn colors are also influenced by the moisture in the soil. The moisture content in the soil will change according to the change in the climatic conditions.The warm period is also effect on the autumn colors. A warm wet spring and favourable summer weather and the warm sunny days with cool days will effect on the change in the color of the plant leaves.
What does all this do for the tree?
Perennial plants, including trees, must have some sort of protection to survive freezing temperatures and other harsh wintertime influences. Stems, twigs, and buds are equipped to survive extreme cold so that they can reawaken when spring heralds the start of another growing season. Tender leaf tissues, however, would freeze in winter, so plants must either toughen up and protect their leaves or dispose of them.
The evergreens-pines, spruces, cedars, firs, and so on-are able to survive winter because they have toughened up. Their needle-like or scale-like foliage is covered with a heavy wax coating and the fluid inside their cells contains substances that resist freezing. Thus the foliage of evergreens can safely withstand all but the severest winter conditions, such as those in the Arctic. Evergreen needles survive for some years but eventually fall because of old age.
The leaves of broadleaved plants, on the other hand, are tender and vulnerable to damage. These leaves are typically broad and thin and are not protected by any thick coverings. The fluid in cells of these leaves is usually a thin, watery sap that freezes readily. This means that the cells could not survive winter where temperatures fall below freezing. Tissues unable to overwinter must be sealed off and shed to ensure the plant's continued survival. Thus leaf fall precedes each winter in the temperate zones.
Use of the fallen leaves
The fallen leaves are not wasted at all. They are degraded in the soil by the decomposers and restock the soil with nutrients and forms spongy humus layer of the floor in the forest. This soil has a great hygroscopic capacity and holds rain water. In the forest ecosystem the fallen leaves are used as a food for some micro organisms which are a part of it.
Tags:Fallen leaves, colour changes, leaves changes colour,Perennial plants, Perennial, Carotenoids, chlorophyll, Anthocyanins, colors pigments in autumn, leaves change color in autumn, plants change color in autumn.
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